Паттерны межсервисной коммуникации

REST (HTTP/1.1 + JSON)

Простая интеграция и совместимость с внешними клиентами

# NGINX upstream + keep-alive
upstream user_api {
  server user-api:8080;
  keepalive 256;
}

server {
  listen 443 ssl http2;
  location /v1/ {
    proxy_http_version 1.1;
    proxy_set_header Connection "";
    proxy_set_header X-Request-Id $request_id;
    proxy_read_timeout 300ms;
    proxy_connect_timeout 80ms;
    proxy_pass http://user_api;
  }
}

gRPC (HTTP/2 + Protocol Buffers)

Меньше накладных расходов протокола и строгий контракт на языке описания интерфейса (IDL)

// service.proto
syntax = "proto3";
package catalog.v1;

service CatalogService {
  rpc GetItem(GetItemRequest) returns (GetItemResponse);
}

// envoy cluster (fragment)
clusters:
  - name: catalog_grpc
    connect_timeout: 0.08s
    type: STRICT_DNS
    http2_protocol_options:
      max_concurrent_streams: 512
    load_assignment:
      cluster_name: catalog_grpc
      endpoints: ...

GraphQL (бэкенд для фронтенда / шлюз)

Клиент-ориентированный контракт и сборка данных из нескольких доменов

const server = new ApolloServer({
  schema,
  persistedQueries: {
    cache: redisCache,
  },
  plugins: [responseCachePlugin()],
});

// resolver guardrails
const resolvers = {
  Query: {
    dashboard: async (_, args, ctx) =>
      ctx.loaders.dashboardByUser.load(args.userId),
  },
};

CloudEvents (пример доменного события)

{
  "specversion": "1.0",
  "type": "com.shop.order.paid.v1",
  "source": "urn:shop:payments",
  "id": "evt-01HQ7V0R4Z6A0G3T95S1ZQ6B9N",
  "time": "2026-03-03T14:23:44Z",
  "subject": "order/938475",
  "datacontenttype": "application/json",
  "dataschema": "https://events.shop.dev/schemas/order-paid-v1.json",
  "data": {
    "orderId": "938475",
    "userId": "u-1821",
    "amount": 149.90,
    "currency": "USD",
    "paymentMethod": "card"
  }
}

AsyncAPI (контракт канала и полезной нагрузки)

asyncapi: 3.0.0
info:
  title: Order Events API
  version: 1.4.0
channels:
  order.paid.v1:
    address: order.paid.v1
    messages:
      orderPaid:
        $ref: '#/components/messages/OrderPaid'
operations:
  onOrderPaid:
    action: receive
    channel:
      $ref: '#/channels/order.paid.v1'
    messages:
      - $ref: '#/channels/order.paid.v1/messages/orderPaid'
components:
  messages:
    OrderPaid:
      payload:
        type: object
        required: [orderId, userId, amount, currency]
        properties:
          orderId: { type: string }
          userId: { type: string }
          amount: { type: number }
          currency: { type: string }